Public Schools vs Private Schools

Description Description tells a reader about the physical characteristics of a person, place or things or place. Description relies on five sense, hearing, sight, smell, touch and taste. That is description essay tells what something looks like, taste like, smells like and sound like. in college description is used in many different ways, such as when writting a comparism essay, you use description to tell the diffrence between the two things. as a student, through description you communicate the view of the world to your readers. Therefore in almost every essay you write, using proper descriptive methods will be very important.Descriptive essay can be objective or subjective. In objective description, you focus on the object or person, you describe exactly what you see, hear, feel, or smell. Not base on you personal reactipon to it. In using objective description your visual has to add something to your papar, that is you could use a diagram to help describe a person or a chartt to help explain a process. You visual has to be located as close to as possible to where it is located in your paper. You must also have to document your visual. In subjective description, you convey your personal response to a subject.Your perspective is not stated directly it is revealed indirectly through your choice of words and phrasing. Subject description is more useful example if your teacher as you to describbe a place that has special meaning to you. A subject description should convey not just a literal record of sight and sound but also ther significance. Both objective and subjective Description depends on language to apeal the reader's senses. These two types of descriptive uses language differently. Objective description relies on precise factual laguages that presnt a writers observation without conveying his or her attitude toward the subject.

A Divided World and a Divided Self

Synge’s Playboy of the Western World is essentially a play of opposites. The tension between tradition and individualism is the active force that drives the characters toward the comic conflict.Shawn and Christy embody the masculine half of this equation while Pegeen Mike and the widow Quinn exemplify the feminine. Interestingly, the conflicts of the characters in isolated situations throw a brighter light on their motives than when secondary characters are present in the scene.While much of the play’s actual humor derives from the chorus-like responses of subordinate characters (notably when the pub patrons question Christy about his father’s supposed murder), the inner lives of the four main characters are explored in greater detail in direct dialogue exchanges.For this reason, it is important to consider Playboy of the Western World as a psychological as well as a social inquiry into the early 20th century Irish mind.The moral, social and familial institutions at work in the lives of the characters are inseparable from the behavior of the characters themselves and their behavior, in turn, affects the ways they perceive and challenge the institutions that establish a collective social identity. Synge’s satire, then, is fundamentally subversive. By undercutting a prevalent strain of Irish romanticism Synge effectively exposes the difference between the real and the ideal in Irish opinions about their own history and customs.The influence of religion is at the heart of Synge’s concern. Shawn’s reluctance to stay with Pegeen Mike overnight testifies to his fear of the priest’s, and by extension, the community’s censure. This is confirmed when he admits, â€Å"I'm afeard of Father Reilly; and what at all would the Holy Father and the Cardinals of Rome be saying if they heard I did the like of that?† Shawn is unable to take the passionate leap in terms of his affection for Pegeen Mike, being overly con cerned with outward appearances.Though his presence at the pub overnight will not be breaching social etiquette in any way immediately revealed by the opinions of the pub house patrons, he worries about the possibility that some vague â€Å"other† will entertain harsh opinions. For this reason, Shawn is repeatedly unable to take a stand for what he purportedly desires—marriage to Pegeen Mike.While religion is key, Shawn also demonstrates a pronounced avoidance to action of any kind. He is fearful of what he perceives as Christy’s passionate and unpredictable nature. The threat of violence is abhorrent to Shawn. However, his pacifism is not the result of moral objection but rather a product of physical cowardice.Christy, in contrast, is not concerned with the price of taking extreme action. Despite his meek exterior, his story of parricide is told with earnest, and he behaves first in such a way that he seems shell shocked by committing the murder. Later, of cour se, this turns into something else, when he begins to celebrate his action as proof as his own manliness.This is an important turn in the play because he moves from a fear of the social judgment of his illegal and immoral action into a defiant assertion of his own individualism. This shift occurs because he senses the positive (and perverse) effect his reputation as a murder has on the members of the community in general and on Pegeen Mike in particular.Once Christy recognizes the advantages he has when perceived as â€Å"dangerous† he quickly adopts a romantic and celebratory posture. His pride in the matter is exactly what sets him up for his serio-comic fall when his father, the elder Mahon, appears miraculously â€Å"raised† from the dead.Another pair of characters defined by their opposing views is that of Pegeen Mike and the Widow Quin. Their pronounced division is related to domesticity. While the Widow Quin is perceived as an outsider and generally shunned by t he community, she is more of a realist. This is evidenced when Mahon arrives and the widow does not reject Christy as a potential love interest.As an older and more mature woman, the Widow Quin is not as easily swayed by the romantic appeal Christy’s story of murder offers. She is more interested in his companionship and status as a help-mate. She is eminently practical.Pegeen Mike, however, is far different. For the twenty year old barmaid, the idea of a savage killer for a husband is alluring. Shawn’s proposal disgusts her when compared to that of Christy because he lacks the essential brutishness that defines her idea of an appropriate mate.Consider the hastiness of her words when she says, â€Å"Wouldn't it be a bitter thing for a girl to go marrying the like of Shaneen, and he a middling kind of a scarecrow, with no savagery or fine words in him at all?† She is not concerned with the pragmatic reality of what it means to be married to a man who has defied t he law. Her head is full of high romance and flattered by Christy’s sentimentally poetic use of language.

State Bank of Mysore Project

INTRODUCTION As a part of the MBA programme, I have undertaken Project Work i. e. an Organizational Study of State Bank of Mysore, which I completed as per the requirements of the organization as well as project rules. This internship did enable me to understand the nuances of the service sector and get an on-hand experience of application of theoretical knowledge. In fact it gave me a look-through to gimmicks of the game and assured me of the fact that „Business is a combo of Art, Science and Profession. I did gain good amount of knowledge since I had an encounter with the assets of the organization or rather Employees of the firm, its? ulture, practices, departments, so†¦ On and so forth. Walter Lipmann says â€Å"The ultimate test of a leader is found by the trail he leaves behind and not by what he has achieved†. And therefore let me take you through further in this report to show you what trail State Bank of Mysore has left by being a Leader in letter and spiri t. The study is limited to the information drawn from the authorities of the organization and its? respective website. The study is not proposed to be an expert study since the time frame offered for the study was very short.However the scope of the study, by and large is all inclusive though there could be areas which are not addressed to due to the reason stated above already. All in all it was an experiential learning that an MBA candidate is expected to possess which was possible because of curriculum defined by the Bangalore University and State Bank of Mysore. Rest assured I am now for this internship has cleared the veil in front of us to let us know how actually does a firm look like and functions, unlike what we had read in the books. Chapter – 1MEANING OF ORGANISATION Organisation is the foundation upon which the whole structure of management is built. Organisation is related with developing a frame work where the total work is divided into manageable components in order to facilitate the achievement of objectives or goals. Thus, organisation is the structure or mechanism (machinery) that enables living things to work together. In a static sense, an organisation is a structure or machinery manned by group of individuals who are working together towards a common goal. Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to wore most effectively together in accomplishing objectives†. Definition Different authors have defined organisation in different ways. The main definitions of organisation are as follows: †¢ According to Keith Davis, â€Å"Organisation may be defined as a group of individuals, large of small, that is cooperating under the direction of executive leadership in accomplishment of certain common object. †¢ According to Chester I. Barnard, â€Å"Organisation is a system of co-operative activities of two or more persons. † †¢ According to Louis A. Allen, â€Å"Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives. † †¢ According to Mooney and Railey, â€Å"Organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose. † IMPORTANCE OF ORGNISATIONAL STUDYThe effectiveness and efficiency of organization helps in providing the continuity and success to the enterprise. There are many factors that explain the importance and objectives of organisation and they are:- 1. Facilitates Administration: An efficient and sound organisation make easy for the management to relate the flow of resource continually to the overall objectives. A sound organisation helps in providing appropriate platform where m anagement can performs the functions of planning, direction, coordination, motivation and control. 2.Facilitates Growth and Diversification: A sound organisation helps in the growth and diversification of activities. The growth is facilitated by clear division of work, proper delegation of authority etc. In short, it helps in the organisational elaboration. In case of reasonable expansion of organisation, the functional types get replaced by a more flexible decentralized organisation. 3. Permits optimum use of Resources: The optimum use of technical and human resources gets facilitated in sound and efficient organisation. The organisation can have the facilities of latest technological developments and improvements.It also facilitates optimum use of human resources through specialization. The people in the organisation get appropriately trained and get promotion opportunities. A sound organisation provides all the desired potential and strength to the company to meet the future chal lenges. 4. Stimulate Creativity: The specialization in the organisation helps individuals in getting well defined duties, clear lines of authority and responsibility. It encourages the creativity of the people. The sound organisational structure enables mangers to concentrate on important issues where their talent can be exploited to the maximum. . Encourages Humanistic Approach: A sound organisation helps in adopting efficient methods of selection, training, remuneration and promotion for employees. It makes people work in a team and not like machines or robots. Organisation helps in providing factors like job rotation, job enlargement and enrichment to its employees. A sound organisation provides higher job satisfaction to its employees through proper delegation and decentralization, favourable working environment and democratic and participative leadership.It enhances the mode of communication and interaction among different levels of the management. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION ? The Principle of Objective ? Principle of Specialization ? The Scalar Principle ? The Principle of Authority ? The Principle of Unity of Command OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the organization 2. To study various departments such as: a). Operations Management Department b. Planning and Development Department c). Commercial and Institutions Department d). Treasury Department e). Technology Department f). Vigilance and Inspection Department 3.To study the day to day activities of the Bank DATA COLLECTION The methodology used in this study involves the collection of data through various ways such as primary data and secondary data. Primary data Primary data is collected from primary sources the data collected through interview with various department heads and officers of the firm. With the help of managers and employees in various department helps to get a clear idea about the organization and its day to day activities. Secondary data Publications of a wide variety provide a good deal of external secondary data.News paper, magazines, technical journals, trade publications, directories, government publications, committee reports, these are sources of external secondary data. Secondary data can also be purchased in some cases from commercial marketing research services. Various types of written documents within the organization, magazines and internet. a) Price lists b) Catalogues etc c) Internet and websites 1. 6 LIMITATION OF STUDY 1. Very less time span is available for study. 2. Sales data is taken 18th July to 18th August 3. Lack of prior experience. 4. There is a possibility 0f an exaggerated claim. INDUSTRY PROFILE pic] Chapter –2 Overview of Industry Profile A Bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. A bank connects customers that have capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. Due to their critic al status within the financial system and the economy] generally, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most banks operate under a system known as fractional reserve banking where they hold only a small reserve of the funds deposited and lend out the rest for profit.They are generally subject to minimum capital requirements which are based on an international set of capital standards, known as the Basel Accords. The oldest bank still in existence is Monte dei Paschi di Siena, headquartered in Siena, Italy, which has been operating continuously since 1472 Banking Sector in India Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first Banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and Bank of Hindustan, which started in 1790; both are now defunct.The oldest Bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the thre e presidency Banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency Banks acted as quasi-central Banks, as did their successors. The three Banks merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India. HistoryIndian merchants in Calcutta established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock Bank in India. (Joint Stock Bank: A company that issues stock and requires shareholders to be held liable for the company's debt) It was not the first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Ba nk of Shimla.When the American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States, promoters opened Banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the Banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with Banks. Subsequently, Banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. Foreign Banks too started to arrive, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s.The Comptoire d'Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a Banking centre. The first entirely Indian joint stock Bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, establish ed in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest Banks in India.Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small Banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency Banks dominated Banking in India but there were also some exchange Banks and a number of Indian joint stock Banks. All these Banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange Banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade.Indian joint stock Banks were generally undercapitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange Banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of Banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found Banks of and for the Indian community. A number of Banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India.No. of Banks Failed & their Capitals | Years |Number of Banks |Authorised capital(Rs. |Paid-up Capital | | |that failed |Lakhs) |(Rs. Lakhs) | | 1913 | 12 | 274 |35 | | 1914 | 42 |710 | 109 | | 1915 | 11 | 56 | 5 | | 916 | 13 |231 | 4 | | 1917 | 9 | 76 |25 | | 1918 | 7 |209 | 1 | Table 2. 1: No. of Banks Failed and its capital The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private Banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district.Four nationalised Banks started in this district and also a leading priva te sector Bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as â€Å"Cradle of Indian Banking†. During the First World War (1914-1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939-1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian Banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with Banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities.At least 94 Banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table: Post-Independence The partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal, paralyzing Banking activities for months. India's independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian Banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 env isaged a mixed economy.This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including Banking and finance. The major steps to regulate Banking included: ? The Reserve Bank of India, India's central Banking authority, was nationalized on January 1, 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948 (RBI, 2005b). ? In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) â€Å"to regulate, control, and inspect the Banks in India. † The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new Bank or branch of an xisting Bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two Banks could have common directors. Nationalisation [pic] Banks Nationalisation in India: Newspaper Clipping, Times of India, July, 20, 1969 Despite the provisions, control and regulations of Reserve Bank of India, Banks in India except the State Bank of India or SBI, continued to be owned and o perated by private persons. By the 1960s, the Indian Banking industry had become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy.At the same time, it had emerged as a large employer, and a debate had ensued about the nationalization of the Banking industry. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, expressed the intention of the Government of India in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled â€Å"Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation. † The meeting received the paper with enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden. The Government of India issued an ordinance and nationalised the 14 largest commercial Banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969.Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a â€Å"masterstroke of political sagacity. † Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking ) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial Banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the Banking business of India.Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized Banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised Banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised Banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy. Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narasimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private Banks.These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy Banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new g eneration Banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank(earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the Banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of Banks, namely, government Banks, private Banks and foreign Banks.The next stage for the Indian Banking has been set up with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in Banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%, at present it has gone up to 74% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%; Lend at 6%; Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional Banks. All this led to the retail boom in In dia.People not just demanded more from their Banks but also received more. Currently (2007), Banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign Banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian Banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other Banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government.The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for Banking services, especially retail Banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M's, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector Bank) to 10%.This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector Bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector Banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned Banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the Banks' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. Phase 1 (March 2005 to March 2009) . Foreign banks were allowed to establish presence in India and were given an option to operate through branch presence or set up a 100% Wholly Owned Subsidiary (WOS). 2. Foreign banks were allowed to open 12 branches a year (the limit was in line with World Trade Organisation (WTO) commitment). Branch licens ing procedure was kept same as applicable for private banks. More liberal branch opening policy was adopted in under-banked areas. 3. The limit of 12 branches a year was raised to 20 branches for foreign banks in March2006. 4.Acquisition of shares in Indian banks by foreign banks was permitted for banks whichare identified by RBI for restructuring. Phase 2 (April 2009 onwards) 1. Branch expansion: -After reviewing the experience of the first phase, RBI has proposed to remove the restriction on branch expansion and limited excess to Indian market and treating them on par with domestic banks to the extent appropriate. 2. Listing of foreign banks: -After completion of the proposed year of operation in India, WOS of foreign banks will be allowed to list and dilute the stake in the manner that at least  of 26% of the paid-up capital remains with the resident Indian. . Mergers and acquisitions: -After a review is made with regard to the extent of  penetration of foreign investment in Indian banks and functioning of foreign banks, foreign banks may be permitted, subject to regulatory approvals and such conditions as may be prescribed, to enter into merger and acquisition transactions with any private sector bank  in India, subject to the overall investment limit of 74 per cent. Adoption of Banking Technology The IT revolution had a great impact in the Indian banking system.The use of computers had led to introduction of online banking in India. The use of the modern innovation and computerisation of the banking sector of India has increased many fold after the economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's banking sector has been exposed to the world's market. The Indian banks were finding it difficult to compete with the international banks in terms of the customer service without the use of the information technology and computers.The RBI in 1984 formed Committee on Mechanisation in the Banking Industry (1984) whose chairman was Dr C Rangarajan, Deputy Gove rnor, Reserve Bank of India. The major recommendations of this committee were introducing MICR Technology in all the banks in the metropolis in India . This provided use of standardized cheque forms and encoders. In 1988, the RBI set up Committee on Computerisation in Banks (1988) headed by Dr. C. R.Rangarajan which emphasized that settlement operation must be computerized in the clearing houses of RBI in Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Patna and Thiruvananthapuram. It further stated that there should be National Clearing of inter-city cheques at Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and MICR should be made Operational. It also focused on computerisation of branches and increasing connectivity among branches through computers. It also suggested modalities for implementing on-line banking.The committee submitted its reports in 1989 and computerisation began form 1993 with the settlement between IBA and bank employees' association. In 1994, Committee on Technology Issues relating to Payment s System, Cheque Clearing and Securities Settlement in the Banking Industry (1994) was set up with chairman Shri WS Saraf, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India. It emphasized on Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the BANKNET communications network as its carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be set up in all branches of all banks with more than 100 branches.Committee for proposing Legislation On Electronic Funds Transfer and other Electronic Payments (1995) emphasized on EFT system. Electronic banking refers to DOING BANKING by using technologies like computers, internet and networking, MICR, EFT so as to increase efficiency, quick service, productivity and transparency in the transaction. Apart from the above mentioned innovations the banks have been selling the third party products like Mutual Funds, insurances to its clients. Total numbers of ATMs installed in India by various banks as on end March 2005 is 17,642).The New Private Sector Banks in India is having the largest numbers of ATMs which is fol off site ATM is highest for the SBI and its subsidiaries and then it is followed by New Private Banks, Nationalised banks and Foreign banks. While on site is highest for the Nationalised banks of India. The below graphical representation shows Number of branches in India [pic] Figure 2:1 No. Branches in India . History of other banks in India (includes Nationalised Banks, Private Banks and Foreign Banks) | No. Year |Period |Characterized by | |1 |1840 to 1947 |Pre Independence |Small size, less regulated and bank  failures | |2 |1947 to 1969 |Post Independence to |Slower growth, private sector dominance and start of | | | |Nationalisation |regulation | |3 |1969 to1991 |Nationalisation to Liberalisation|Nationalised of banks by government, high regulation, | | | | |secular growth in business and expansion & rising | | | | |inefficiencies | |4 |1991 to 2010 |Liberalisation to current  date |De-regulation, entry of private and foreig n banks and | | | | |technological advancement | Table 2:2 History of Banks in IndiaArguments of government for nationalisation were as follows: Before the nationalisation, the privately-owned banks were operating on the criteria of profit maximisation and lesser emphasis was placed on the development of rural areas. Credit and deposits base was confined to large corporate and wealthy depositors. The nationalised banking set-up would vigorously pursue expansion programmes to cover rural areas, smaller towns and lower income groups. To pay special attention to inter-sectoral balances and balanced regional development. To take away the stranglehold of the few industrial houses on credit and reduce their control over the community's resources. Ensure stability in the functioning of the credit institutions and inspire more confidence among the depositors.Encourage healthy competition between large and small industrial houses. Insummary, the following are the steps taken by the Governmen t of India to regulate thebanking institutions in the country: 1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act. 1955: Nationalization of SBI. 1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries. 1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits. 1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks. 1971: Creation of credit guarantee corporation. 1975: Creation of regional rural banks. 1980: Nationalization of seven banks with deposits over Rs. 200 crores. These are the list of banking currently operating in India: State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur State Bank of HyderabadState Bank of Patiala State Bank of Travancore State Bank of Indore Nationalised Banks Allahabad Bank Indian Bank Andhra Bank Indian Overseas Bank Bank of Baroda Oriental Bank of Commerce Bank of India Punjab National Bank Bank of Maharashtra Punjab & Sind Bank Canara Bank Syndicate Bank Central Bank of India Union Bank of India Corporation Bank United Bank of India Dena Bank 19. UCO Bank IDBI Bank Ltd. Vijaya Bank Private Sector Ba nks Axis Bank Jammu & Kashmir Ban Bank Of Rajasthan Karnataka Bank Catholic Syrian Bank Karur Vysya Bank City Union Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Development Credit Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Dhanalakshmi Bank Nainital Bank Federal BankRatnakar Bank HDFC Bank SBI Commercial & International ICICI Bank South Indian Bank South Indian Bank IndusInd Bank Tamilnad MercantileBank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank ING Vysya Bank Yes Bank Yes Bank Foreign Banks ABN AMRO Bank DBS Bank 2. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Deutsche Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank HSBC Arab Bangladesh Bank JP Morgan Chase Bank Bank Of America Krung Thai Bank Bank Of Bahrain & Kuwait Mashreq Bank Bank Of Ceylon Mizuho Corporate Bank Bank Of Nova Scotia Oman International Bank Bank Of Tokyo-Mitsubishi- UFI Shinhan Bank Barclays Bank Societe Generale BNP Paribas Sonali Bank Calyon Bank Standard Chartered Bank Chinatrust Commercial BankState Bank of Mauri Objectives of the Study 1) To know the organisational structure of the SBM 2) To have the pr actical exposure to Organisational function as compared to theoretical concepts 3) To know the product and service offered by SBM at Kaval Byrasandra branch, Bangalore 4) To know its growth strategy and potential 5) To study the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of the organisation to carry out swot analysis. Profile of State Bank of Mysore [pic] Chapter -3 [pic] State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Mysore was established on 2nd October 1913 as â€Å"Bank of Mysore Ltd†. under the royal patronage of the Maharaja of Mysore, erstwhile Govt. f Mysore, on the recommendations of the Banking Committee headed by the great Engineer-Statesman,Bhara Late Dr. Sir M. Vishweswaraiah . Subsequently, in March 1960, the Bank became an Associate of State Bank of India. State Bank of India holds 92. 33% of shares. The Bank's shares are listed in Bangalore, Chennai, and Mumbai stock exchanges. As an associate Bank, State Bank of Mysore has a team of employees with a management. This B ank has 737 branches (as on 31. 03. 2012) and 10249 employees. The Bank has regional officesin, Bengaluru, Mysore, Mangalore, Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Devanagari, Bellary, Tumkur, Kolar, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mumbai and New Delhi. About State Bank of Myore | | |Date of Establishment |1913 | | | | |Revenue |( USD in Millions ) | | | | |Market Cap |21775. 942287 ( Rs. in Millions ) | | | | |Corporate Address |KG Road,PBNo 9727,Bengaluru-560009, Karnataka (www. statebankofmysore. co. n) | | | | | | | |Business Operation |Bank – Public | |Background |State Bank of Mysore was established in 1913 as Bank of Mysore under the | | |patronage of the erstwhile  government of Mysore, at the instance of the banking| | |committee headed by the great Engineer-Statesman, Late Dr Sir M Visvesvaraya. | | |Subsequently, in March 1960, the bank became an Associate of State Bank of | | |India. State Bank of India holds 92. 33% of shares. The bank's shares are listed| | |i n Bangalore, Chen | |Financials |Total Income – Rs. 55948. 247 Million ( year ending Mar  2012) | | |Net Profit – Rs.Million ( year ending Mar  2012) | | | | |Company Secretary |G Soundarajan | | | | |Bankers Auditors |HS Ahuja & Co, Dhawan & Co, LK Kejrswal & Co, SK Basu & Co, PKKG | | |Balasubramaniam & Associates, Bhasin Raghavan & Co, BL Ajmera & Co, MKPS & | | |Associates, SK Basu & Co, Maharaj N R Suresh & Co | Management Committee of the Bank |Managing Director | |+91 80 22251855 | | |Mr.Sharad Sharma |+91 80 22353480 Fax 080 | | | |22254753 | | Chief General Manager | |+91 80 22251570 | | |Ms. Hamsini Menon |Fax 080 22350563 | | |   | | |Chief General Manager |Mr.KalyanMukherjee | | |General Manager  (Operations) & Corporate Development Officer |Mr  Bibhupada Nanda |+91 80 22353487 | | | |Fax 080 22353478 | |General Manager Executive  (Agriculture & MSME) |Mr K Lakshmisha |+91 80 22257149 | | | | | | | |Fax 080 22353494 | |General M anager & Group Executive(Corporate Banking) |Mr.SaswataChaudhuri |+91 80 22353471 | | | |Fax 080 22355978 | |General Manager (Treasury and Finance & Accounts) & Group |Sri Viswanathan V |+91 80 22257149 | |Executive(Government Business) | |Fax 080 22353494 | |General Manager (Technology Management) & Group Executive |MrV Pattabhiraman |+91 80 22352591 | |(Personal Banking) | |Fax 080 22356472 | |General Manager – Risk Management and Credit Policy and Procedures |Mr  ParthasarathyN | | |General Manager & Chief Vigilance Officer |Mr Vijay Dube |+91 80 22255617 | | |   |Fax 080 22350562 | State Bank of Mysore Organizational Structure Figure 3:1 Sbm Organization Structure VISION: â€Å"Working for better tomorrow† MISSIONA premier commercial Bank in Karnataka, with all India presence, committed to provide consistently superior and personalised customer service backed by employee pride and will to excel, earn progressively high returns for its shareholders and be a r esponsible corporate citizen contributing to the well being of the society. POLICIES & PROCEDURES State Bank of Mysore: – FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES Power and duties of its officers and employees- All the officers have certain financial powers and administrative powers depending upon their positions. The delegation of financial powers of various grades of officials is decided by the Central Board which is revised from time to time, depending upon the organization’s requirement and also Government / RBI guidelines. The concerned sanctioning authority takes a decision to sanction a loan or otherwise on merits of each proposal.The procedure followed in the decision making process, including channels of supervision and accountability-There is a well defined system in the Bank regarding the decision making process. Financial decisions are taken at various levels by different officials depending upon their positions and also through committee approach. Centralized credit processin g cells are being formed at certain centres for sanction of personal segment loans and other loans. Branches will source the applications and forward them to the respective credit processing cells, for their consideration. Further, there is a well defined organisational structure and a clear system of accountability and control system, which also take into account the RBI / CVC guidelines. The norms set for discharge of its functionThe Bank functions with the following core values / norms ? Excellence in customer service ? Profit orientation ? Fairness in all dealing and relations ? Risk taking and innovation ? Integrity ? Transparency and discipline in policies and systems Regarding the core functions of the Bank i. e. accepting deposits and sanction of loans, the interest rates for deposits / advances and different deposit as well as loan products, are displayed in the Bank’s website and also made available at all the Branches. Regarding sanction of loans, each officer of t he Bank will consider loan proposals and take a decision in terms of the scheme of delegation of powers, on the merits of the proposals.All the officers of the Bank are expected to discharge their duties and responsibilities with integrity and due diligence. Public can also refer to the captions †Interest rates', ‘code of ethics' & ‘citizens charter' of the Bank's website for any further information. The rules and regulations, instructions, manuals and records held by the Bank/ used by its employees for discharging its functions. There are quite a number of documents like manuals, book of instructions, codified circulars, scheme of delegation of powers, proceedings of the board etc and also the periodical circulars used by the employees for discharging various functions. A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Bank or under its control.These are mainly register of Shareholders/Record of the proceedings of the AGMs, Board Meetings and various Committee meetings, documents executed by customers/borrowers/guarantors, contracts with third parties etc. The particulars of any arrangement that exists for consultation with, or representation by, the members of the public in relation to the formulation of its policy or implementation thereof in SBM. As per the present arrangement, the Shareholders can raise issues concerning policies and in the Annual General Meetings which can relate to the policy of the Bank. Further, the Banks quarterly results and annual results / reports are published in the Bank’s website periodically for information of public as well as shareholders which would give an idea about the policies of the Bank and implementation thereof.Further, the Central Board the apex management body of the Bank is constituted with members who are leaders from different interest groups and professions such as Industrialists, Bankers from Apex Institutions, Chartered Accountants, Economists and Workmen representative s. Public can also refer to the captions financial results / consolidated financial statement / annual report / shareholders information of the Bank's website, for further information. Bank has appointed various committees for different purposes. Following are some of the important Committees managing the key affairs of the Bank a)Risk Management Committee b)Credit Risk Management committee c)Asset Liability Management committee d)Operational Risk Management committee e)Audit Committee f)Central Management Committee g) Central as well as Local BoardsPublic are not entitled to participate on the above committee meetings and minutes are not accessible to public. Public can also refer to the caption Annual report for various committees more particularly the â€Å"corporate governance† link under the Annual report for more information about the committees. Achievements 1913 – The Bank was established as ‘Bank of Mysore Ltd. ‘, on the 19th May, & commenced its b usiness on the 2nd October 1913, under the patronage of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore, with an authorised capital of Rs. 20. 00 Lakhs. 1953 – During the year, the Bank was appointed as an Agent of Reserve Bank of India to conduct Government business & treasury operations. 959 – With effect from the 10th September, the Bank was constituted as State Bank of Mysore as a Subsidiary of State Bank of India, under State Bank of India [Subsidiary Banks] Act, 1959 enacted through an Act of Parliament, [Act No. 38 of 1959s]. – The Bank has formulated schemes for [1] financing coffee planters/coffee traders against coffee curer’s certificate, [2] financing coffee traders, [3] coffee exporters & [4] coffee curers who also engage in trading. – State Bank of Mysore has various deposit schemes to cater to the requirements of its customers. – The Bank has also actively participated in all Government sponsored schemes and contributed its share of finan cial assistance or the economically weaker sections through DIR, IRDP, Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna & SUME schemes. The Bank has sponsored two Regional Rural Banks, Cauvery Grameena Bank & Kalpatharu Grameena Bank which have between them 202 branches for growth of agriculture & rural industries. – The Bank, as part of State Bank Group has been engaged in financing 551 since 1960 & introduced the concept of need based rather than security oriented finance & the Entrepreneur scheme under which technically qualified persons were financed the entire requirement up to Rs. 2 Lakhs. – The Bank has 3 specialised SSI branches to assist the SSI units & proposes to establish 3 more such 551 branches shortly. – The Bank has correspondent & agency arrangements all over the world & offers spot services in 18 major approved currencies. The Bank computerised dealing room is equipped with state-of-the-art information net-work for excellent services to the Bank customers. – The Bank also proposed to open 21 NRI service centres to specially cater to the requirements of NRI customers. – State Bank of Mysore handles a significant part of day-to-day Banking business of both the Central & State Governments in the State of Karnataka & is a Banker to various Public Sector Undertakings in various sectors of Economy. – The Bank has been actively participating in welfare Banking needs of public through its community services. – The Bank has set up social circles, a voluntary group of employees to conduct the community service activities, at various centres. The Bank is the proud recipient of Rolling Trophy from the Red Cross Society of Karnataka for 17 years in succession, till date, for having mobilised the maximum number of blood donors each year, among Banking Institutions. – The Bank has installed a Main Frame Computer in its Head Office which provides a useful information system to the Management & mini computers at the Zonal Of fices. – The Bank is a member of society for worldwide Inter Bank Financial Telecommunication [SWIFTs] which was established to offer cost effective & fast transmission of financial messages globally, 2 branches of Bank are presently covered under the scheme and an additional 15 branches are proposed to be covered under SWIFT shortly. 992 – The State Government has also taken up vigorously ‘ASHRAYA', a new housing scheme for weaker sections & ‘VISHWA', a new rural & cottage industry scheme. A new programme called ‘AKSHAYA' has also been launched to help the children in primary education. The Konkan Railway Project & the New Mangalore Port Project are also progressing satisfactorily. – The Bank has also been assisting Small Scale industries by offering technology & financial consultancy services to the units in its books, so as to enable them to overcome the problems of technological obsolescence, marketing, management etc. – The Bank has been given a special annual award by Karnataka Unit of Indian Red Cross Society for fourteenth time for having held the most number of voluntary blood donation camps. 994 – Several important measures have been introduced in the busy season credit policy of November 1993 & slack season credit policy of May 1994, announced by Reserve Bank of India. – The Bank extended rehabilitation finance to 54 such units during the year under review. – The Bank STREE SAKTHI PACKAGE designed exclusively for women continued to be implemented with full vigour. – The Bank also proposes to introduce Automated Teller Machines [ATMs] and Electronic Funds Transfer facility during the next year as a measure of offering state of art Banking services to its customers. 2000 – Mr. M. Sitarama Murty has been appoi nted as Managing Director, of Bank. – Crisil has reaffirmed the A+ & P1+ ratings assigned to the bond issue & the CD programme of Bank. 001 – State Ban k of Mysore has opened a foreign exchange cell at its hierarchically Industrial estate branch in Tumkur district to enable small-scale industrialists to manage their foreign exchange transactions. – The Bank has closed its issue of unsecured non-convertible debentures after raising the target of Rs 60 crore. 2002 – Enters the market with a coupon of 6. 4% per annum for its Tier-II capital bonds issue of Rs. 60cr on a private placement basis. – Slashes interest rate on domestic term deposits & on NRE deposits by 25-50 basis points. 2003 – Considers new method of appraisal for lending to the agricultural sector more on the lines of industrial credit given to trade & commerce. Declared a dividend of 40% on equity capital for year ended. – Ties up with HMT Ltd & launches SBM-HMT Agri Farm Scheme, to promote agricultural mechanisation in south India. – Maruti Udyog forges alliances with SBM to offer car finance. – Slashes floating home loa n rates & the new loan is as follows: maturities up to 5 five years, the rates would be 8 per cent, for maturities up to 10 years, the rates would be 8. 75 per cent on a floating rate basis & for above 10 years, 9. 25 per cent. The fixed rate housing loans remained unchanged. Farm lending rate up to Rs 50,000 was lowered to 9 per cent – Inaugurated two branches in Hyderabad. 004 – SBM joins hands with LTJD for tractor financing – State Bank of Mysore has informed that Shri M. Sitarama Murty, Managing Director of Bank retired from the services on December 31, 2003 on attaining super-annuation – Mr. Vijayanand assumes charges as Managing Director of Bank from 01/03/2004 -State Bank of Mysore has joined the Real Time Gross Settlement Systems [RTGSs] network that facilitates inter-Bank funds settlement on 22 July 2005 – SBM unveils new single window system 2006 – Mr P. P. Pattanayak has assumed charge as Managing Director of State Bank of Mysore . Mr Pattanayak was earlier Deputy Managing Director [DMDs] & Chief Credit Officer of State Bank of India, Mumbai. 2009 – The Comp. as splits its face value from Rs100/- to Rs10/-. The State Bank of Mysore has a dedicated workforce of 9926 employees consisting of 3179 supervisory staff, 6747 non-supervisory staff (as on 31 March 2011). The skill and competence of the employees have been kept updated to meet the requirements of customers keeping in view the changes in the Banking environment. State Bank of India is the nation's largest and oldest Bank. Tracing its roots back some 200 years to the British East India Company (and initially established as the Bank of Calcutta in 1806), the Bank operates more than 15,000 branches within India, where it also owns majority stakes in six associate Banks.State Bank of India (SBI) has more than 80 offices in nearly 35 other countries, including multiple locations in the US, Canada, and Nigeria. The Bank has other units devoted to capit al markets, fund management, factoring and commercial services, credit cards, and brokerage services. The Reserve Bank of India owns about 60% of State Bank of India. The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of 19th century, when the Bank of Calcutta, later renamed the Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal and two other Presidency Banks, namely, the Bank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July 1843).All three Presidency Banks were incorporated as joint stock companies, and were the result of the royal charters. These three Banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of the reserve Bank of India. The Presidency Banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the reorganized Banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company. Pu rsuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act (1955), the Reserve Bank of India, which is India’s central Bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India.On 30 April 1955 the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. The Govt. of India recently acquired the Reserve Bank of India’s stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country’s Banking regulatory authority. In 1959 the Government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, enabling the State Bank of India to take over eight former State-associated Banks as its subsidiaries. On Sept 13, 2008, State Bank of Saurashtra, one of its Associate Banks, merged with State Bank of India. SBI has acquired local Banks in rescues. For instance, in 1985, it acquired Bank of Cochin in Kerala, which had 120 branches.SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, State Bank of Travancore, already had an extensive network in Kerala. SBI provides a range of Banking products through its vast network in India and overseas, including products aimed at NRIs. The State Bank Group, with over 16000 branches, has the largest branch network in India. With an asset base of $250 billion and $195 billion in deposits, it is a regional Banking behemoth. It has a market share among Indian commercial Banks of about 20% in deposits and advances, and SBI accounts for almost one-fifth of the nation’s loans. SBI has tried to reduce its over-staffing through computerizing operations and Golden handshake schemes that led to a flight of its best and brightest managers.These managers took the retirement allowances and then went on the becoming senior managers at new private sector Banks. The State Bank of India is 29th most reputable company in the world according to Forbes. Associate Banks:-The Subsidiaries of SBI till date *State Bank of Indore *State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur *State Bank of Mysore *State Bank of Hyderabad *State Bank of Pat iala * State Bank of Travancore Company pictures [pic] State Bank of Mysore [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] PRODUCTS/SERVICES OFFERED State Bank of Mysore offers its products and services in domains like †¢ Personal Banking. †¢ NRI Services. †¢ Agriculture. †¢ International. †¢ Corporate. †¢ SME. †¢ Domestic Treasury. (i) Personal Banking | |Current Accounts | |Savings Bank | |Savings Plus | |Term Deposits | |Reinvestment Plan | |Multi Option Deposits | |Recurring Deposits | |Public Provident Fund Scheme |Housing Loans | |Car Loans | |Education Loans | |Consumer Durables Loans | |Personal Loans | |Loans to Pensioners | |Gold Loans | |Demand Loans on Term Deposits | |Demand Loans against Govt.Securities | |(ii) NRI Banking | |Foreign Currency Non Resident (Bank Scheme) Deposit | |Non Repatriable Rupee Deposits (NRNR) | |Non Resident (External) Rupee Deposit Accounts (NRE) | |Resident Foreign Currency Deposit Accounts (RFC) | |Ordinary Non Reside nt Rupee Accounts (NRO) | |Non Resident Special Rupee Accounts | |Housing Finance for NRIs | |(iii) Small Business Finance | |Retail Trade | |Professionals and Self Employed | |Business Enterprises | |Transport Operators | |(iv) Agriculture Finance | |Agricultural Crop Loans | |Agricultural Gold Loans |Produce Marketing Schemes | |Agricultural Term Loans | |Land Development Schemes | |Minor Irrigation Schemes | |Farm Mechanizations Schemes | |Kisan Credit Cards | |(v) Government Business | |State Govt. | |Central Govt. |CBEC | |CBDT | |Defence | |Posts | |Telecom | |Central Civil Pensions | |Defence Pensions | |Telecom Pensions | |State Govt.Pensions | |PSU Retiring Employees Scheme | |(vi)Other Services | |Safe Deposit Lockers | |Safe Custody | |(vii) Miscellaneous Business | |Demand Drafts | |Remittance Facilities (with Associate Banks) | |Remittance Facilities (with RBI & Govt. ) | |Collections (Cheques) |RTGS/NEFT | |Collections (Bills) | |Demand Draft Purchases ( Cheques) | |Demand Draft Purchases (Bills) | RATES OF INTEREST WITH EFFECT FROM 4th May   2012. |PERIOD |RATE OF INTEREST (%) | | |Up to  Rs. 15 lacs |Above Rs. 15. acs | |7 Days to 14 days |—— |8. 50 | |15 days to 45 days |6. 25 |8. 50 | |46 days to 90   days |6. 50 |8. 50 | |91 days to 179 days |8. 00 |8. 50 | |180 days to 299 days |8. 50 |8. 0 | |300 days |8. 50 |8. 50 | |301 days to less than 1 year |8. 50 |8. 50 | |1 year to less than 500 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |500 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |501 days to less than 2 years |9. 25 |9. 5 | |2 years to less than 909 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |909 days |9. 25 |9. 25 | |910 days to less than 3 years |9. 25 |9. 25 | |3 years to less than 5 years |9. 25 |9. 25 | |5 years and above |9. 25 |9. 25 | Table 3:1 Interest Rate Interest Rates on Personal Segment Advances   | |Housing Loans (w. e. f. 01. 11. 2011) | |NAME OF THE SCHEME |Rate Of Interest | | |(Base Rate 10. 50%p. a) | |   |11Upto Rs 25 Lacs | |HOUSING L OAN |Upto 20 Years |BR+0. 75 |. 5% | |   |Above 20 to inclusive of 25 |BR+1. 00 |11. 50% | | |years | | | | |Above Rs 25 lacs upto Rs 30 Lacs | | |Upto 20 Years |BR+0. 75 |11. 25% | | |Above 20 to inclusive of 25 |BR+1. 00 |11. 0% | | |years | | | |

What Impact Does The Media And Public Opinion Have On American Foreign Essay

What Impact Does The Media And Public Opinion Have On American Foreign Policy - Essay Example This is very important for the image of the country and it affects the way that people in America feel about themselves, their country and their government. The media have a role in providing information about what the government does, and this helps people to decide which party to vote for. Sometimes the media are not neutral, however, and this means that people can be influenced in one way or another. Newspapers often question what the government is doing, and they write about international affairs giving several different points of view. This encourages people to think about what is happening and contributes to general education. The existence of the media forces governments to explain what they are doing, and defend their actions. Another role that the media has is to limit the powers of government in situations where they could take extreme actions. Presidents worry about what people will think of them, and this is a very good thing. O’Hefferman reports that â€Å"Presid ent Nixon said that the TV reporting of the Vietnam war was â€Å"probably the single most significant factor limiting our options there.† (O’Hefferman: 1991, p. 100) In the Iraq war also, television coverage of military funerals influenced people against the war, because it made the deaths of American soldiers more real to them. The live images of bombs being dropped on Iraqi cities, and pictures of injured children and weeping relatives make the human cost of war more visible.

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Financial strategy - Essay Example In the recent past, companies are adopting the value based management approach which is a formal systematic approach used in managing companies with an aim of achieving the objective of maximizing value creation and shareholder value (Chapman, Hopwood, & Shields, 2009, p. 1248). Value based management focuses on the key drivers of value thus helping companies achieve their objectives (Starovic, Cooper, & Davis, 2004, 2004, p.15-17). Increasing focus on core competencies has forced companies to outsource some services to ensure that they remain relevant in terms of their revenues and expenditure in comparison with their competitors. Knowing a company’s position is important because it is useful in defining and redefining strategies to improve profit margins and to capitalize on company’s strengths to enhance shareholder value creation (Starovic, Cooper, & Davis, 2004, 2004, p.10-17). Various methods have been used to measure the shareholder’s value but the most co mmonly used are the profitability analysis, Strategic Profit Mode (SPM), and the Economic Value Added (EVA) method. One of the common methods used to measure profitability is Return On Capital Employed (ROCE) which is the operating profit after tax divide by the net capital employed. However, a major criticism on this method is that it does not measure operating profits and capital employed the way investors do. Investors are concerned about economic profits and the amount of debt and equity invested in the business but these amounts may disagree with those used in company’s financial statements because of the accounting practices in use. For instance, accounting reserves which have to be accounted for in financial statements tend to understate economic profits and the amount of equity capital actually invested in the business. ROCE provides little guidance on the profitability level because of its shortcomings. Given the shortcomings of ROCE, SPM and EVA models are preferred because they enable the company to focus on shareholder value and provide a long-term orientation in their analysis. SPM and EVA are reliable, consistent, and therefore preferred over ROCE method. The Strategic Profit Model (SPM) measures the Return On Net Worth (RONW) of a company which is a tool used to measure the changes in the shareholder value in an organization. RONW is made of three components, which include net profit, asset turnover, and financial leverage. These components are used in the calculation of RONW and they can be controlled by the managers of a company (Viswanadham and Luthra, 2005, p.478). Net profit is the difference between sales and expenses and from it net profit margin is calculated which measures how efficiently a company manufactures and sells its products. Net profit margin is the net profit as a percentage of sales. Asset turnover is the sales divided by the total assets of a company and it shows how efficiently a company employs its assets to achiev e a given level of sales. The Return On Assets (ROA) is arrived at by multiplying the net profit margin with the asset turnover and it relates the profitability of a company to the value of assets employed. The financial leverage of a company provides the relationship between the total

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History of Management in Criminal Justice Agencies - Essay Example e way the United States criminal justice system has been managed over the past few decades, with former English customs and laws playing a significant role in influencing the contemporary system (Randolph, 2005). The criminal justice system includes parole and probation officers, correction officers, court officers, investigators and line officers. In the early days of the English law enforcement instituted by Alfred the Great, police forces were formed by loyal families who patrolled their regions. They appointed their own leaders, known as reeves, to oversee and coordinate the wider alliances (Friedman, 1993). The reeves later came to be known as sheriffs. To ensure the loyalty of the sheriffs, the power of appointing them was taken over by William the conqueror when he came into power. In the early 18th century, the system established by William the conqueror was borrowed by Philadelphia, Boston and New York with each having 10 official patrol areas (Randolph, 2005). The 19th cent ury industrialization and population growth brought about the need for police departments in municipals. Although New York and Philadelphia had 24 hour police force in service by 1830, some counties still operate under the sheriff system today. The difference is that the sheriffs are not appointed through local governments, but rather elected by citizens. Today, managers within the criminal justice system are knowledgeable in security, police and disaster management fields. Within the judiciary, before the revolution, American courts followed laws that Great Britain had handed down to them. However, the settlers and colonists later rejected the English laws because they did not grant them equal rights as Englishmen under The Great Charter of the Liberties of England (Friedman, 1993). They rejected attempts to be governed by the English Parliament from overseas yet they were not accorded representation. The subsequent rebellion ended in the American Revolution. With the adoption of the

Demonstrate a critical understanding of current issues in either Essay

Demonstrate a critical understanding of current issues in either investigation or prosecution of a aspect of cybercrime or e-investigation - Essay Example Increase in financial crime activities has become widespread, but there is still difficulty in maintaining transparent policies and actions of financial information. The problems faced by financial institutions continue to rise with issues relating to politics, legal, technology and economics arising with time. Financial institutions increasingly face challenges in managing cyber-attacks. Malicious attackers are increasingly becoming more sophisticated and widespread in devising methods of financial fraud. Banking institutions in Europe mainly face denial-of-service on a large-scale basis hindering their daily investigations. Institutions that handle regional bank and credit Sacco’s often face challenges in financial security breach. Enemies of the state breach their financial systems to seek for intellectual property and intelligence. Hackers use the security breaches to make political statements to their enemies. Cyber gangs working in crime groups opt for the vice to gain money by stealing finds in accounts or hacking into ATMs. A reduction in technology costs leads to the decrease of barriers implemented to curb cybercrime, providing criminals with cheaper and easier ways to penetrate into financial networks. The growing black market encourages a new generation of wrong doers wi shing to breach data services for financial institutions. 1In June 2014, the Bank of England increased its efforts in the protection of the UK’s financial institutions from cybercrime. The testing framework aims at combining government intelligence with security industries assessing the risks. Implementing the new cyber security strategy named CBEST seeks to ease pressure on financial services in England. With this in mind, the study seeks to analyze the financial security of the Bank of England. Financial crime in indicates that both internal and external rely on IT systems to manage information (BBC,

Review of evidence assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Review of evidence assignment - Essay Example A thorough literature review provides a foundation on which to base new knowledge. For a clinical problem, such as OA, it would likely also be necessary to learn as much as possible about the â€Å"status quo† of current procedures relating to the topic, and to review existing practice guidelines or protocols. Normally, researchers have their research critiqued by peers, consultants, or other reviewers to obtain substantive, clinical, or methodological feedback before implementing the plan (Cormack, 2000, 82-85). Moreover, an integrated and critical review of existing research and theory relevant to the topic should provide a solid rationale and evidence in favour of or against contemporary concepts, practice, or guidelines. The ultimate objective of any research is to undertake a systemic search and collection of data and to analyse and interpret them in order to verify or testify existing knowledge (Clarke, 2004, 100-102). Broadly these data can be classified into two variet ies, numerical and descriptive. Depending on the intended type of data, usually a research is designed into different types, and varieties of information may be revealed. However, irrespective of the type of methodology, critical and systemic review of research can serve two purposes. In that sense, critical reviews are both scientific research and the application of common sense. They serve to identify studies relevant to a particular question, to appraise and assess the eligibility of these studies, and to summarise them, using statistical techniques to combine their results, if feasible and appropriate (Chinnock, Siegfried & Clarke, 2005, 367-369). Research methods are techniques used by researchers to structure a study through which information is gathered and analysed to answer the research question. The two alternative paradigms have strong implications for the research

Case Method Essay Example for Free

Case Method Essay This introduction is intended to provide students with some basic information about the case method, and guidelines about what they must do to gain the maximum benefit from the method. We begin by taking a brief look at what case studies are, and how they are used in the classroom. Then we discuss what the student needs to do to prepare for a class, and what she can expect during the case discussion. We also explain how student performance is evaluated in a case study based course. Finally, we describe the benefits a student of management can expect to gain through the use of the case method. There is no universally accepted definition for a case study, and the case method means different things to different people. Consequently, all case studies are not structured similarly, and variations abound in terms of style, structure and approach. Case material ranges from small caselets (a few paragraphs to one-two pages) to short cases (four to six pages) and from 10 to 18 page case studies to the longer versions (25 pages and above). A case is usually a â€Å"description of an actual situation, commonly involving a decision, a challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person or persons in an organization. 1 In learning with case studies, the student must deal with the situation described in the case, in the role of the manager or decision maker facing the situation. An important point to be emphasized here is that a case is not a problem. A problem usually has a unique, correct solution. On the other hand, a decision-maker faced with the situation described in a case can choose between several alternative courses of action, and each of these alternatives may plausibly be supported by logical argument. To put it simply, there is no unique, correct answer in the case study method. The case study method usually involves three stages: individual preparation, small group discussion, and large group or class discussion. While both the instructor and the student start with the same information, their roles are clearly different in each of these stages, as shown in Table 1. 1 Michiel R. Leeenders, Louise A. Mauffette-Launders and James Erskine, Writing Cases, (Ivey Publishing, 4th edition) 3. l Learning with Cases Table 1 Teacher and Student Roles in a Regular Case Class When Before Class Teacher Assigns case and often readings Prepares for class May consult colleagues During Class After Class Deals with readings Leads case discussion Evaluates and records student participation Evaluates materials and updates teaching note Student or Participant Receives case and assignment Prepares individually Discusses case in small group Raises questions regarding readings Participates in discussion Compares personal analysis with colleagues’ analysis. Reviews class discussion for major concepts learned. Source: Michiel R. If the stick had the picture of a motorbike, the consumer was entitled to the second prize, a TVS motorbike. If the print portrayed a camera, the customer was entitled to the third prize, a Canon camera. The picture of an ice candy stick won the consumer, the consolation prize of a Feast Jaljeera Blast (actual jaljeera drink, in the form of an ice candy). In 2002, HLL launched an innovative, aggressive and the first of its kind promotional campaign called ‘Ek Din Ka Raja’ (EDKR). Unlike the previous product specific campaigns, EDKR covered the entire range of ice creams. Running from March 2002 to May 2002, EDKR was the biggest ever promotional campaign for Kwality Wall’s. The contest was awarded the Best Promotion Campaign in India award at the Promotion Marketing Awards of Asia (PMAA) in Singapore. The promotion also won two more awards in Asia a Silver for the ‘Best Idea or Concept’ and a Bronze for the ‘Best use of Direct Marketing’ out of 97 short listed entries from Singapore, India, 38 Unilever in India: Building the Ice Cream Business Philippines, China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Korea. 16 The total number of redemptions was close to a million, with each consumer spending a minimum of Rs. 100 to Rs. 125 per redemption. The EDKR contest entitled up to 10 lucky consumers to spend Rs 10 lakhs in a days shopping with their family in Mumbai. They

The influence of modern technology on Society

The influence of modern technology on Society 1. Introduction While technology is often described as the most important influence upon society (ref), it remains a subject which deserves further study. This situation is generally accepted, with politicians, sociologists, industrialists and educationalists alike recognising that technology lies at the very heart of society (Chandler, 1996). The critical role that technology plays in the development of society, stimulating not only the economy but society’s socio-cultural values, rather than being merely a tool of society, however, is referred to as ‘technological determinism’ (Underwood, 2009). It is this aspect of how technology drives modern society that this essay addresses. Social progress has come to be equated with technical progress, particularly since the Industrial Revolution (Beniger, 1989). This progress has not always been acknowledged at the time it was occurring; indeed, as Beniger further notes, ‘human society seems rather to evolve largely through changes so gradual as to be all but imperceptible, at least compared to the generational cycles of the individuals through whose lives they unfold’ (1989, p. 2). Perhaps because of this ‘historical myopia’, the value of the change may not be evaluated until the changes has already passed (Beniger, 1989, p. 2). Critics such as Henry David Thoreau, for instance, suggested that improvements in society’s technical means are no guarantee of improved ends, and that they may instead lead to a mechanistic and fatalistic outlook, positing that we do not ride upon the railroad; it rides upon us (1845, p. 308). Thus, technology itself becomes an overriding preoccupation, for it never stops still. Technological advancement seems important at the time to different ages in different societies, psychologically if not practically; in a variety of modern societies, for example, young people presently feel a heightened empathy with the digital age (Bennett and Maton, 2010). However, not all sectors of the community will be directly involved with, share an understanding, or even see the relevance, of the latest technological inventions. Nevertheless, as de Tocqueville (1990, p. xxii) noted in 1840, ‘this social revolution, which I believe to be irresistible†¦ is already accomplished or about to be so’, and thus recognition of it is recognition of the past as much as the present. The current revolution in technology, known variously as the ‘Information Age’ or ‘Age of Technology’, similarly is unrelenting: the older person who is reluctant to use a computer has a life shaped by others’ use of computers and may even accept a basic mobile telephone, once considered a glamourous accessory (Coeckelbergh, 2012). As globalisation becomes an increasingly significant factor in countries’ economic success, technological competence is becoming an essential tool for surviving and thriving not only in society, but in its constituent parts, such as employment, education, agriculture, and industry. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of modern technological progress The younger generation today, like many previous generations, seeks to change the world and make it a better and more comfortable place in which to live (Griswold, 2012). They want to be contributors to peace, economic reforms, the improvement of public services and many other aspects of the society. For them, the best way to contribute to these changes is through modern technology. (Weiser and Brown, 1997). This does not necessarily mean that youth wants to make a huge change on the view of the world where they grew up, or that they just want to split away from the norms of society. Instead, they believe that the advances in communication, through technological means, will facilitate social change as no previous generation has had the opportunity to learn so much, so authentically, from one another (Griswold, 2012). The ability for real-time conversations, forums, information exchange, visualisation of other cultures, and greater social equality across the world has developed more in the last 20-25 years than at any other time in history. This has allowed commentary on situations as they develop, rather than purely through the perspective of written media. For example, the role of social media during the ‘Arab Spring’, not only through Twitter but Facebook and other social media platforms, provided contextualisation for the media reports at a time when media bias is increasingly critically examined (Khondker, 2011). Thus, this generation is able to confirm journalists’ interpretation of an event, even in film, with those who are participating on both sides of the event, as well as casual observers. This is unique in history. The degree to which unfettered access to opinion, counter-opinion, reportage, and propaganda will truly reshape the world is yet to be determined. The Habermasian interpretation of the development of the public sphere holds some analogies, as the democratisation of critical analysis unfolded in fin-de-sià ¨cle Viennese coffee houses (Habermas, 1989). According to di Maggio et al. (2001) extensive social effects, both optimistic and pessimistic, have been claimed for many communications technologies before our current computer-based age of information technology. The so-called I.T. revolution (which tends to be presented as the ‘final’ communications revolution) can be seen as having been preceded by the ‘writing revolution’ and ‘the print revolution’, and only the latest phase of an ‘electronics revolution’ which began with telegraphy and telephony. Winston (1998) criticises technological determinism and instead develops his theory of cultural determinism. In this theory, Winston considers not how technology shapes society, but rather that the evolution of technology, which is not static, is mediated and manipulated by society. Thus, as a result of these manoeuvres, the ‘radical potential’ of a specific technology is stifled; society therefore only accepts that which it believes itself to be in a position to accept (Winston, 1998). Systems and machines like computers, mobile phones and operating systems, which just involve one click on the computer, replace the things which used to takes hours or even days. Almost every home has a computer and telephone, and individuals within those homes often each have a mobile phone (Bennett and Maton, 2010). For some people, the application of technology is the only technique for them to develop patience, as even the tedious business of waiting can be ameliorated by keeping busy with a mobile phone, especially for youth. One of the most important advantages of modern technology is globalisation, which has allowed the world to feel ‘closer’, and permitted the worlds economy to become a single, interdependent system (Barrell and Fic, 2014). This means that people can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. Zhong (2007) observes that, in todays stock markets, financial infrastructure, global news organisations, powerful militaries, strong governments and big corporations, instantaneous communication is an asset society cannot afford to lose. The internet allows interconnection and promotes globalisation and information sharing. The reduction in the cost of instantaneous communication over the last 20 years have considerably expanded its potential, by making it accessible to developing as well as developed economies. However, modern technology does not bring advantages but some disadvantages as well. The similarity of lifestyles, whereby communication channels homogeneity, can have deleterious effects (Griswold, 2012). Before the rise of film, television, and the internet, people had different cultures and traditions that were reflected in the way they wear clothes or design buildings. Now, in a form of creeping conformity, people tend to build the same models of house and wear the same fashions. The new, modern technology is excellent in many ways, but its philosophical, physiological, and psychological effects remain unknown in a period when technological interaction and live communication through computer use, internet chat, mobile phones, and SMS texts are part of the everyday life of -teenagers and the youth of today. This not only includes issues such as the debate on whether mobile telephones increase the likelihood of brain tumours, but the behavioural responses of children to ‘instant’ gratification, or whether mobile phone addiction will become a significant disability (di Maggio et al., 2001). These are issues which remain unresolved; their resolution will not be immediate. 3. The vision of teenagers in this day and age With the growth of technologies as the internet and computers, teenagers and young people are becoming more dislocated from society (Griswold, 2012). Isolation is one form of this problem. The Japanese phenomenon of hikikomori, whereby young people (commonly, males, and more increasingly, adults) sequester themselves, using only technology to keep in touch with society, is believed to affect almost two million people worldwide (Longo, 2010). Social interaction results in levels of stress and distress to the degree that individuals cannot cope, and seek refuge instead in an environment which they feel is fully within their control. Additionally, education is being transformed by technology. Stimulating students is not a matter of making a great speech or a dominant lesson anymore; educators need to be brought down to a teenagers level of understanding (Weiser and Brown, 1997). The need and wishes of modern youth are very different from those of their parents, as can be seen in hikikomori (Longo, 2010). The most inspiring tool for teens and their lifestyle is the internet, mobile technologies, and computers (Griswold, 2012. Teenagers and young people also have changed in comparison with teens in the past, taking into account eating habits, an active way of life, spending free time, and the importance of music and fashion. The affordability of many of these factors has changed considerably since, for example, the post-war generation (Bennett and Maton, 2010). The most important change, however, is that they are a technology generation. For teens in todays world, mobile phones, internet, music, movies, television and video games are very important. Most teenagers prefer watching television and playing computer games to reading books. They dislike reading because watching television or playing online role-playing games is easier and they do not have to use their own imagination (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Computer games have the capacity to provide teaching opportunities but they are also harmful to health (Longo, 2010). Teenagers prefer to spend free time in front of a computer rather than to walk, play football, go to a swimming pool, or just simply meet a friend in the park and have a chat. The long term effects of these changes are not likely to be evident for at least three more generations. According to di Maggio et al. (2001), the internet expands daily and reaches more and more people globally. As a society, improvements in literacy may rise due to the growth of the internet. The young generation cannot imagine their day’s homework without the support of the one of most important modern technological developments, the internet. The internet is very useful and an important tool for studies, as there they are able to see the latest reports and articles, find and practise exercises which are relevant to their studies, as well as submit assignments and other work. Further, a teenagers social life becomes inextricably linked to social networking, especially through live chat and Facebook. They would rather say that this is the easiest way to communicate with each other, as well as learning new things and having fun (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Many things can be done through the internet. Young people can download music and other files and play online games with their real or virtual friends. In this way, therefore, the internet influences the teen view to the world and its future. It also gives them an opportunity to interact with other teens and discuss relevant issues. One important aspect of teens using internet is their freedom to post criticism of government leaders. Youths have limited abilities to communicate meaningfully with government as they cannot vote; the internet permits them to give their beliefs about what is wrong and what is right from their point of view, (Davies and Eynon, 2013). On social websites youths can have relations and communication with their friends or just someone who is far away from their homes and around the world, chatting on the worldwide web, emailing or just playing games. This has been extended considerably with the advent of smart phones (Bennett and Maton, 2010). Using the internet teenagers can go shopping with their friends using the same website, use microphones or cameras to film themselves, nearly in the same way as they would go out together for real shopping. Thus, the public sphere – through recreational chat as well as more complex interactions – is extended in the manner akin to that described by Habermas (1989). Nevertheless, this change to ‘life online’ means that, inevitably, many real world problems manifest themselves in the internet, and then have a further real world consequence. This can be seen in the phenomenon of cyber bullying. Cyber bullying targets the sexuality, physical attractiveness and friendships of children and teenagers (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Victims do not know what to do or where to turn. Cyber bullies harass victims anonymously. The psychological damage is horrific because the victims own peers have turned on them and there is nowhere for them to go, with teenage suicides and attempted suicides reported in the past (Griswold, 2013). A ‘dis-connect’ from human reactions could contribute to cyber bullying. People learn to communicate mostly through text messages or online, and do not learn important aspects of human interaction, such as noticing and accepting non-verbal signals (Griswold, 2013). Without these signals and characteristics it is easy to be misunderstood and for the victim to be dehumanised (di Maggio et al., 2001). This is also true of online dating (Winston, 1998). People are normally aware of what someone is saying or not saying, through gesticulations and voice tones. Without these cues, it is difficult to appreciate how the other person is feeling and whether there is truly a connection. Youth can start to feel as if who they are is not recognised, that they are reviled or that nobody wants them, when for example the text message or email was simply not received. Young people have created and developed a communication culture that incorporates many special features, such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Teenagers intersecting and selective use of communication channels has been shaped by multimedia communication (Weiser and Brown, 1997). Thus, their public sphere utilises a wider range of platforms than previously; nevertheless, it is still merely an extension of the public sphere, just as television and newspapers were (Habermas, 1989). Regardless of their form, the media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space, as well as enabling their presentation of self and defining their relationships to others). This can be seen in young peoples relationship to the mobile phone and other forms of interactive technology, which is consistent with their general consumption styles. An addictive use of the phone has been related to trendy and impulsive consumption styles prevalent among females (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Technology enthusiasm and trend-consciousness was linked to impulsive consumption and hard values more prevalent among males (di Maggio et al., 2001). In contrast, a frugal mobile phone use was not related to gender but to environmentalism and thrifty consumption in general. The traditional gender division in mobile phone use styles that could be observed is interesting in the light of conjectures that genders are becoming more alike in their use of new technology. The increasing trend towards ‘instant gratification’ that has been fed by high rates of credit over the last 30 years is exacerbated by an impatience facilitated by devices such as smart phones (Griswold, 2012). The net result of several of several generations for whom this is true has not yet been realised. 4. Conclusion Technology is one of a number of mediating factors in human behaviour and social change, which both acts on and is acted upon by other phenomena. Being critical of technological determinism is not to discount the importance of the fact that the technical features of different communication technologies facilitate different kinds of use, though the potential applications of technologies are not necessarily realised. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre (1974, p. 485), caution that, in reaction to the changes taking places amongst today’s youth, there is evidently an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, resistances to structural and normative adaptations occasioned by innovation. This is not new. Every generation expresses concern for the pace and nature of change, and questions whether change is driving society or society desires the changes wrought. In the meantime, the technological revolution will enable people’s lives to be easier, in ways such as social interaction, education, manufacturing, and so on. Withdrawing from the degree to which technology has shaped society will be very difficult, and likely to lead to large-scale economic chaos (Barrell and Fic, 2013). The rise in costs, for example, through slower communications or manual manufacturing methods, would result in an overwhelming, if temporary drain on the economy; nevertheless, given the decrease in fossil fuel availability, this may be a future that society needs to consider. Humans are highly adaptable, as the integration of change previously has demonstrated. There may be a social cost in this, as Thoreau (1854) speculated, but this flexibility has permitted societies of many different forms to flourish for millennia. The liberty for people discuss change, as Habermas (1989) has described, has expanded in the last three hundred years. Nevertheless, thinkers such as Thoreau and Habermas are prepared to question not only technological progress but change in its most elementary form. This is what will preserve humanity from self-destructive change. Many people may feel that teenagers are unwittingly ‘walking into’ self-destructive change through their eager acceptance of technology in every aspect of their lives (di Maggio et al., 2001). Whilst this may be a legitimate concern, it should also be borne in mind that teenagers are not merely being controlled by devices but are using devices to facilitate change – through social media. This was apparent during the ‘Arab Spring’ (Khondker, 2011), and was widely welcomed. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre (1974, p. 485), caution that, in reaction to the changes taking places amongst today’s youth, ‘there is evidently an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, resistances to structural and normative adaptations occasioned by innovation. This is not new. Every generation expresses concern for the pace and nature of change, and questions whether change is driving society or society desires the changes wrought. The human willingness to use change meaningfully and self-reflect, it is hoped, will protect society from itself. 5. References Barrell, R. and Fic, T. (2013). Integration, globalisation, technology and trade patterns in the EU8. Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe, 2(1), pp. 1-13. Beniger, J. (1989). The control revolution: Technological and economic origins of the information society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bennett, S. and Maton, K. (2010), Beyond the ‘digital natives’ debate: Towards a more nuanced understanding of students technology experiences. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5), pp. 321-331. Coeckelbergh, M. (2012). â€Å"How I learned to love the robot†: Capabilities, information technologies, and elderly care. In Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. (eds), The capability approach, technology and design. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 77-86. Davies, C. and Eynon, R. (2013). Teenagers and technology. Hove: Routledge. De Tocqueville, A. (1835). Democracy in America: Volume I. [1990] New York: Vintage Books. Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, RM. (eds) (1997). Beyond calculation: The next fifty years of computing. New York: Springer. DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Neuman, W.R. and Robinson, J.P. (2001). Social implications of the internet. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, pp. 307-336. Griswold, W. (2012). Cultures and societies in a changing world (4th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Khondker, H.H. (2011). Role of the new media in the Arab Spring. Globalizations, 8(5), pp. 675-679. Longo, G.O. (2010). Communication, technology, and the planetary creature. Communication, Capitalism Critique, 8(1), pp. 18-27. Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. (eds) (2012). The capability approach, technology and design. Dordrecht: Springer. Potter, D. and Sarre, P. (eds) (1974). Dimensions of society: A reader. London: University of London Press/Open University Press. Thoreau, H.D. (1854). Walden; Or life in the woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. Weiser, M. and Brown, J.S. (1997). The coming age of calm technology. In Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, R.M. (eds), Beyond calculation: The next fifty years of computing. New York: Springer, pp. 75-85. Winston, B. (1998). Media technology and society: a history: From the telegraph to the Internet. Abingdon: Psychology Press.